negative regulator of macroautophagy [43], together with macroautophagy induction in

human and murine T-cells [39, 40]. A recent study has identified that TNF-α-induced

protein 3 (TNFAIP3) restricts mTOR activity and promotes macroautophagy and survival in CD4+ T-cells [44]. However, the fact that activated T-cells activate mTOR and upregulate

macroautophagy, and that inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin has little effect on activation- induced macroautophagy in CD4+ T-cells, supports that induction of macroautophagy in